Rhiana Cooke

As OT systems have evolved, satellite-based Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) systems have quietly become embedded in core OT operations including autonomous fleet control, geofencing and LTE/5G network synchronisation. However, many civilian GNSS signals remain unauthenticated and easily spoofed, creating a high-impact attack vector that sits outside traditional cyber monitoring and control boundaries. This session is designed for cyber practitioners seeking to expand their understanding of OT risks and the emerging security challenges of PNT‑dependent environments. It will provide a technical walkthrough of how GNSS integrates into modern industrial architectures and highlight the risks introduced by disruptive attacks. The presentation will also discuss the feasibility of these attacks and practical preventative strategies. GNSS disruption such as spoofing, jamming and timing-manipulation can propagate across OT systems, creating cascading failures that impact operational availability and personnel safety. Understanding these dependencies can help us build resilient industrial environments that withstand both intentional and unintentional interference.